Overview of COVID 19

Most people who contract COVID 19 virus experience mild illness, but older adults and those with comorbidities or underlying health conditions are at higher risk of severe complications.

Preventive measures such as wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, maintaining physical distance from others, and getting vaccinated are recommended to reduce the spread of the virus. Treatment options include supportive care, antiviral medications, and, in severe cases, hospitalization and oxygen therapy.

New variants of COVID 19 continue to emerge as the virus evolves and mutates, highlighting the importance of staying up-to-date with vaccinations and boosters. The COVID 19 pandemic is ongoing, but with increasing vaccination rates and improved understanding of the virus, the global situation is gradually improving.

What are the causes of COVID-19?

Direct contact with the SARS-CoV-2 virus is the cause of covid 19.

Transmission routes of the COVID 19 virus include:

- Respiratory droplets and aerosols:Produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks or exhales.

- Close contactwith an infected individual or a contaminated surface, then touching your eyes, nose or mouth.

- Although rare,airborne transmissionin poorly ventilated spaces with high concentrations of infectious aerosols could also be a potential transmission route.

Once the Coronavirus enters the body through the respiratory tract, it infects body cells, particularly those in the lungs and airways. Once inside the body, the virus begins to replicate rapidly and leads to an infection, causing severe complications in some cases.

What are the symptoms of COVID-19?

COVID 19 symptoms can vary greatly depending on the individual and the severity of the infection. Some people experience no symptoms at all (asymptomatic), while others develop mild, moderate, or even severe illness.

Common COVID symptoms include:

• Fever or chills
• Cough (usually dry)
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Fatigue
• Muscle or body aches
• Headache
• loss of taste or smell
• Sore throat
• Congestion or runny nose
• Nausea or vomiting
• Diarrhea

Less common symptoms of COVID 19 include Pink eye (conjunctivitis), skin rashes, discoloration of fingers or toes and Confusion or difficulty concentrating.

If you were exposed to COVID 19 recently and experience one or more of the following warning signs then it is important to consult a doctor immediately as they could indicate serious complications

- Persistent pain or pressure in the chest

- Pale, gray or blue-colored skin, lips or nail beds (depending on skin tone)

- Inability to wake or stay awake

- Trouble breathing

It's important to note that it could take 2 to 14 days for the symptoms or effects of covid 19 to develop after exposure to the virus.

How is coronavirus diagnosed? What Are the Different Types of COVID-19 Tests?

Nasal swabs, oral swabs and saliva samples are commonly used for COVID 19 analysis.

The two main types of tests used to diagnose coronavirus are:

1. Viral tests: The testing process involves collecting a sample from the patient's respiratory tract using a swab, which is then analyzed using laboratory techniques such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) or antigen tests to detect the presence of the virus's genetic material or specific proteins. There are two main types of viral tests:

- Molecular tests (PCR):PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction and they amplify and detect the virus's genetic material. PCR tests are the most accurate and widely used COVID 19 tests for detecting the genetic material of the virus. Results of PCR Tests generally take 1-3 days. These tests may also be referred to as Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction or RT-PCR test

- Antigen tests:Antigen tests detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus. These are faster and often cheaper but less accurate than PCR tests. They detect proteins from the virus and results typically come back within minutes.

2. COVID 19 Antibody tests:These tests detect antibodies produced by your body in response to a previous infection, meaning they cannot diagnose an active infection. They may be helpful to understand if you've had COVID-19 in the past. Results of COVID 19 Antibody tests usually take 1 or 2 days.

Imaging Tests:In some cases, chest X-rays or CT scans may be used to diagnose COVID-19, especially in individuals with severe symptoms or complications such as pneumonia.

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COVID Biomarkers and the Significance of Biomarkers in COVID 19 Infected Patients

A biomarker is a biological molecule found in blood, tissue or other body fluids that can indicate a normal font-sans or abnormal font-sans process, condition or disease. Biomarkers are also known as molecular markers or signature molecules.

Biomarkers play a crucial role in the management and understanding of COVID 19 infections.

Here are some significant aspects of biomarkers in COVID infected patients:

- Early Detection and Diagnosis:Biomarkers aid in promptly detecting and diagnosing COVID 19, enabling early identification of infected individuals even before symptom onset. This can facilitate timely isolation and treatment to mitigate further transmission.

- Assessment of Disease Severity:Biomarkers offer crucial insights into the severity of COVID-19 infection. Elevated levels of specific biomarkers like C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin, D-dimer, and ferritin are often observed in patients with severe disease, assisting clinicians in gauging disease progression and determining appropriate management strategies, including the potential need for intensive care.

- Prediction of Clinical Outcomes:Biomarkers serve as predictive indicators for clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Increased levels of biomarkers such as troponin, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and markers of coagulation dysfunction have been associated with heightened risks of complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), myocardial injury, and thrombotic events.

- Monitoring Response to Treatment:Biomarkers are integral for monitoring treatment response in COVID-19 patients. Changes in biomarker levels over time offer valuable insights into therapeutic efficacy, facilitating adjustments to treatment strategies as necessary.

- Identification of High-Risk Patients: Biomarkers aid in identifying high-risk COVID-19 patients who are more susceptible to severe complications or adverse outcomes

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the long-term effects of COVID-19?

Ans - Long-term effects of COVID-19 also commonly referred to as long COVID, may include fatigue, shortness of breath, joint pain and cognitive difficulties. Some individuals may also experience lingering symptoms affecting multiple organs, known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC).

2. How does COVID-19 affect pregnant women and their babies?

Ans - COVID-19 can lead to more severe illness in pregnant women, increasing the risk of preterm birth, preeclampsia, cesarean delivery and other complications. There's also a risk of vertical transmission, where the virus passes from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth, though it's relatively rare.

3. How long does it take to recover from COVID-19?

Ans - Recovery from COVID-19 varies depending on the severity of the illness. Mild cases may recover within a few weeks, while severe cases may take several months. Some individuals may experience lingering symptoms or long-term complications.

4. How does the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spread from person to person?

Ans - the new coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2 primarily spreads through respiratory droplets released from the infected person’s mouth or nose when they exhale, cough, sneeze or talk. It can also spread by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the face, though this is considered less common than respiratory transmission.