What are allergies?

What causes allergies?

Allergies result from an exaggerated immune system response to substances that are usually considered benign or harmless, causing allergic reactions. Referred to as allergens, these substances have the potential to induce an allergic response in individuals who are susceptible.

Normally, the immune system protects your body from invaders like bacteria and viruses. In allergies, the immune system mistakenly identifies allergens as threats and launches a defense against them. Following the first exposure to an allergen, the immune system produces antibodies designed specifically for that allergen. This is called sensitization. During subsequent exposures, the immune system recognizes the allergen and triggers an exaggerated response, releasing chemicals like histamine. These chemicals cause the allergy symptoms we experience.

Common causes of allergies include:

Inhalants:

- Pollen: Pollen from weeds, grasses and trees are common allergens, particularly during specific seasons when plants release pollen into the air.

- Dust Mites: Tiny bugs commonly found in bedding, upholstery and household dust can trigger allergic reactions, especially in individuals with dust mite allergies.

- Pet Dander: Allergic reactions can be triggered in sensitive individuals by proteins present in the urine, skin fakes and saliva of pets such as cats and dogs.

- Mold: Mold spores, which thrive in damp environments like bathrooms, basements and kitchens, have the potential to induce allergic responses through inhalation or direct skin contact.

Insect Stings: Allergic reactions to insect stings (particularly from bees, wasps, hornets and fire ants) can cause localized swelling, itching or more severe reactions including anaphylaxis.

Certain Food items: Common food allergens include peanuts, shellfish, milk, eggs, dairy products, soy, tree nuts like cashews and Pistachios, wheat, gluten and seafood like fish, prawns and lobster which can trigger allergic reactions ranging from mild to severe.

Medications: Certain medications such as antibiotics like penicillin, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and some anesthetics can cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals.

Latex: Latex allergy can develop in response to proteins found in natural rubber latex, commonly found in gloves, balloons, elastic bands, and medical devices.

Metals: Nickel is the most common culprit behind allergies but several other metals can trigger allergic reactions. Cobalt which is often found in jewelry alongside nickel, can cause similar skin reactions like itching, redness, and blistering. Chromium is particularly a cause for concern in people who are exposed to it for a prolonged period through occupations like welding or leather tanning. It can cause eczema-like rashes. Although uncommon, copper allergies can manifest as hand eczema, particularly in individuals who handle copper frequently.

Environmental Irritants: Other environmental factors such as tobacco smoke, air pollution and strong odors can also worsen allergic symptoms or trigger non-specific irritation in some individuals.

Occupational Allergens: Certain workplace exposures such as latex, chemicals, dust or airborne particles can cause occupational allergies in certain individuals.

It's important to note that this list isn't exhaustive, and allergies to other substances are possible. Try to identify and avoid allergens whenever possible and seek medical advice for proper diagnosis and management of allergies. Allergy testing may be necessary to pinpoint specific triggers and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

What are the most common allergies?

There are several types of allergies each triggered by specific allergens and each with its distinct set of symptoms and triggers. From seasonal pollen to household dust, common allergens can provoke reactions ranging from sneezing and itching to severe respiratory distress and anaphylaxis. Some of the most common allergies include:

Dust Allergy:

Dust allergies are triggered by exposure to dust mites, microscopic insects found in household dust, bedding and upholstery. Symptoms of dust allergy can range from mild to severe, affecting the respiratory system (nose, throat, lungs) and skin. Common symptoms of dust allergy include sneezing, itchy or watery eyes, wheezing, skin rashes, coughing and a runny or stuffy nose

Drug Allergy:

Drug allergies occur due to an exaggerated immune system reaction to certain medications, including antibiotics, NSAIDs, and anesthetics. Drug allergies can affect multiple body systems including the skin, respiratory system and cardiovascular system. Drug allergy symptoms can vary widely but may include skin rashes,difficulty breathing, hives, wheezing, swelling, itching and even anaphylaxis in extreme cases.

Animal Allergy:

Animal allergies are triggered by exposure to proteins commonly found in the saliva, urine and skin flakes of pets, such as cats and dogs. Animal allergies can affect the respiratory system, skin and eyes. Common symptoms of animal allergies include sneezing, skin rashes, difficulty breathing, runny or stuffy nose and itchy or watery eyes

Bug Allergy:

Bug allergies can be triggered by insect stings from bees, hornets, wasps and fire ants. Symptoms may include localized swelling, irritation, redness, pain, discomfort and itching centered around the sting site. In severe cases, bug allergies can lead to systemic reactions, including anaphylaxis, affecting multiple body systems such as the skin, respiratory system and even cardiovascular system.

Skin Allergy:

Various allergens, including particular chemicals, insect stings, foods and certain plants can trigger skin allergies. Skin allergies can affect localized areas of the body or spread to larger areas, depending on the allergen and individual sensitivity. Symptoms of skin allergies may include hives (raised, itchy welts), eczema flare-ups, itching, irritation, rashes, redness and swelling.

What are the symptoms of allergies?

Symptoms of allergies may differ significantly based on allergen type and the individual's sensitivity. Here are some common allergy symptoms:

- Sneezing (especially in response to airborne allergens like pollen or pet dander)

- Nasal congestion, runny nose, Stuffy Nose and postnasal drip are typical allergy symptoms, especially in response to pollen, dust mites, or mold.

- itching, redness and watering of the eyes (Especially evident when coming into contact with allergens like pet dander or pollen)

- Wheezing and coughing: For those with allergic asthma, coming into contact with allergens can result in coughing, chest tightness, wheezing and breathing difficulties.

- Skin Rash or Hives: Allergic reactions may manifest as skin symptoms, including redness, itching, hives (raised, itchy welts), or eczema flare-ups, often in response to foods, medications, or insect stings.

- Fatigue: Allergic reactions can cause fatigue and malaise, particularly if symptoms are severe or persistent.

- Swelling: The swelling of the tongue, throat, lips or face triggered by allergic reactions can be severe and necessitate urgent medical attention, especially in cases of severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis).

- Digestive disturbances such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, bloating and vomiting are common in allergic reactions to foods, insect stings and medications

- Headache

- Lightheadedness, vertigo and palpitations could be symptoms of severe allergic reactions

It's essential to note that allergic symptoms can vary widely among individuals and may be mild, moderate or severe. If you experience one or more symptoms of allergies, it's important to consult a doctor immediately for proper evaluation and management.

How are allergies diagnosed?

Diagnosis of allergies typically encompasses a blend of medical history, physical examination and diagnostic tests or allergy testing. Here's a breakdown of how allergies are typically diagnosed:

The first step comprises having an in-depth conversation with your doctor, where they will discuss your symptoms, their occurrence, intensity of symptoms, and possible triggers. Your medical history and family history of allergies will also be considered. A physical examination may also be performed by your doctor to look for signs of allergic conditions such as nasal congestion, skin rashes, wheezing, eczema or swelling and gauge your overall well-being and health.

Allergy Testing: Allergy testing might be prescribed to pinpoint specific allergens responsible that provoke allergic reactions. Here are the main types of allergy diagnosis tests:

- Skin prick test: This method, commonly used for allergy testing, entails placing a small amount of allergen on the skin and then pricking it with a needle. If you're allergic, a small raised bump (wheal) surrounded by redness (flare) or welt will appear within 15-20 minutes at the test site.

- Blood Test or Allergen-specific IgE tests: This can be an alternative if skin testing is not suitable especially in cases where the patients have extensive skin conditions. A blood sample is collected and analyzed to identify the existence of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Elevated levels of specific IgE antibodies to certain allergens indicate sensitization and potential allergic reaction triggers.

Phadiatop offers a comprehensive screening method, simultaneously testing for various common allergens such as pollen, dust mites, animal dander, and specific food proteins. This inclusive approach allows healthcare providers to efficiently identify potential allergic sensitivities.

In terms of time efficiency, a Phadiatop test typically requires just one blood sample and one testing procedure, resulting in quicker completion compared to conducting separate allergy tests for each allergen.

Moreover, Phadiatop's ability to screen for multiple allergens in a single test can lead to cost savings, making it a more cost-effective option compared to conducting individual tests for each allergen.

Studies have demonstrated that Phadiatop exhibits high sensitivity in detecting allergic sensitization to common allergens, establishing it as a dependable screening tool for identifying individuals who may require further allergy evaluation or management.

- Patch Testing: Patch testing aids in the diagnosis of contact dermatitis caused by allergens that come into direct contact with the skin, such as certain metals, fragrances or latex. Patches containing suspected allergens in small doses are placed on the skin for a specified duration. The skin is then evaluated for any allergic reactions.

Elimination Diet: If food allergies are suspected, your doctor may suggest an elimination diet as a method to pinpoint particular food triggers. It involves temporarily excluding suspected allergens from the diet and then reintroducing them individually, while monitoring for any allergic reactions.

Provocation Testing: Provocation testing involves controlled exposure to suspected allergens in a clinical setting, under close medical supervision. This type of testing is typically reserved for situations where other allergy tests are inconclusive or when diagnosing specific types of allergies, such as drug or insect sting allergies.

In some cases, additional tests like chest X-rays or lung function tests might be used to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms.

The specific allergy test(s) chosen will depend on your individual situation and the suspected allergen(s). Your doctor will guide you on the most appropriate approach. A positive allergy test result only indicates that your immune system is sensitized to the allergen, but it doesn't necessarily confirm you have an allergy. Your doctor will review the test results alongside your symptoms and medical records to reach a conclusive diagnosis.

How are allergies treated?

There's no cure for allergies. Allergy treatment aims to alleviate symptoms, reduce inflammation, and prevent or minimize allergic reactions. The treatment approach is personalized according to the type and intensity of the allergy. Here are common methods used to treat allergies:

The cornerstone of allergy management is Identifying and Avoiding Triggers. For example, if you're allergic to pollen, staying indoors during high pollen counts and keeping windows closed can minimize exposure.

Medications: Several medications can help control allergy symptoms, depending on the type and severity of your allergy:

- Antihistamines: The action of histamine, the chemical released during an allergic reaction, is blocked by antihistamine medications. They are effective in relieving symptoms such as blocked nose or runny nose, hives, itching, sneezing, and watery or itchy eyes.

- Decongestants: These medications help shrink swollen nasal passages and improve breathing, often used in combination with antihistamines for allergies that cause congestion.

- Corticosteroids: Nasal corticosteroids can reduce inflammation in the nasal passages, relieving symptoms like stuffiness, runny nose and postnasal drip

- Mast cell stabilizers: These medications prevent the release of histamine from mast cells, which are immune system cells involved in allergic reactions. They are often used for preventing allergic reactions, especially for allergies triggered by inhaled allergens.

- Immunomodulators: Modern drugs such as omalizumab function by targeting specific components of the immune system to diminish allergic reactions.

- Eye Drops: Antihistamine or mast cell stabilizer eye drops offer relief from the itching and watering of the eyes caused by allergies.

- Leukotriene Inhibitors: These drugs hinder the function of leukotrienes, substances that contribute to allergic inflammation and symptoms.

- Epinephrine Auto-injectors: Carrying an epinephrine auto-injector such as an EpiPen is crucial for individuals with severe allergies, especially those with a history of anaphylaxis, as it is essential for promptly treating severe allergic reactions.

Immunotherapy (Allergy Shots or Sublingual Immunotherapy): Immunotherapy involves gradually exposing the immune system to small doses of allergens to desensitize the body's response over time. This approach is suitable for certain allergies, particularly those triggered by inhalants like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. You receive increasing doses of the allergen in injections over a period of months or years. This helps your body learn to tolerate the allergen and reduce allergic reactions.

Use of air purifiers, Allergen-proof mattress and pillow covers and Nasal saline irrigation or Rinsing your nasal passages with saline solution can often help remove allergens or prevent allergies, especially ones that affect the respiratory system.

Alternative Therapies: Some individuals may find relief from allergies through alternative therapies such as acupuncture, herbal supplement or dietary changes. However, it is important to consult with your doctor before pursuing any alternative treatments to guarantee that they are safe and effective.

The best treatment approach for your allergies depends on the type and severity of your allergies, your overall health, and your lifestyle. Consulting your doctor allows them to develop a personalized plan that effectively manages your symptoms and improves your quality of life. If allergy testing prices have got you worried or if you are wondering where I can find a reliable and affordable diagnostic center for allergy testing near me then look no further than Vijaya Diagnostics. With over 140+ NABL accredited and ISO compliant labs across 20+ cities, you’re sure to find a Vijaya Diagnostic center near you!

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Frequently Asked Questions

1. Can allergies be cured?

Ans) No, allergies cannot be cured, but they can be managed effectively with medications, treatment and avoidance of allergens.

2. What are common allergens?

Ans) Common allergens include certain medications, dust mites, pet dander, pet hair, insect stings, pollen, mold and certain food items such as nuts and shellfish

3. Can allergies be inherited?

Ans) Yes, allergies can be inherited, with a family history of allergies increasing the likelihood of developing them.

4. Can allergies affect respiratory health?

Ans) Yes, allergies can affect respiratory health, leading to symptoms such as sneezing, coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, particularly in individuals with allergic asthma, hay fever or other sinus issues.

5. Can allergies develop at any age?

Ans) Allergies can develop at any age, although they often appear during childhood and may persist or develop later in life.

6. How can I prevent allergic reactions?

Ans) To prevent allergic reactions, it's essential to:

- Identify and avoid triggers

- Use allergy medications like antihistamines as prescribed

- Keep indoor environments clean and free of allergens. You could use air purifiers

- Get allergy shots (immunotherapy) for long-term management.

Talk to your doctor for personalized advice.